The number of pages in each sheet; the sewing of the pages; the type and thickness of the thread used to sew the pages; a special style for sewing the endband (added to the spine); in some places the endband was combined together with the sewing of the pages to give extra protection and reinforcement to the book; wood covered in leather or parchment; cardboard covered entirely in leather, or only the spine in leather and the rest of the cover in cloth or paper; the type of leather and its color; the style of the decorative emblems; gold stamping or hot foil stamping; and much more; with each region and period adapting their style and culture.

After deciding on the exact binding – leather, quarter leather (leather only on the binding), cloth or parchment – we can begin the work that requires precision, talent and a lot of skill. Needless to say, all the work is done by hand, with the same tools used by bookbinders generations ago.

The decorations and design can be done in the form of engraving, embossing (termed “blindruck,” a technique that uses molds to create relief images, either raised or recessed, and designs on the paper), or gold foil, each in its own style.

In older original covers, the name of the book doesn’t appear on the cover, although nowadays it is common to stamp the name of the book, and sometimes the place of publication and printing. Some even add the year.

We pay great attention to the quality of the leather, and we also add a special treatment to the leather which preserves its longevity. We dye the leather in a unique method, adapting it to antique binding. In respectable books it is appropriate to add iron buckles, which we manufacture and decorate in the antique style, adding to the splendor of the book.